1. Personal pronouns ໝາຍເຖິງບຸກຄົນ ຫລືສິ່ງຂອງສະເພາະ
subject
|
object
|
possessive
|
possessive
| ||
pronoun
|
adjective
| ||||
singular
|
1st person
|
I
|
me
|
mine
|
my
|
2nd person
|
you
|
you
|
yours
|
your
| |
3rd person
|
he
|
him
|
his
|
his
| |
she
|
her
|
hers
|
her
| ||
it
|
it
|
-
|
it
| ||
plural
|
1st person
|
we
|
us
|
ours
|
us
|
2nd person
|
you
|
you
|
yours
|
your
| |
3rd person
|
they
|
them
|
theirs
|
their
|
How to use (ວິທີໃຊ້)
1) Pronouns ທີ່ທຳໜ້າທີ່ເປັນປະທານຂອງປະໂຫຍກຈະຕ້ອງແມ່ນໃນຮູບຂອງ subjective case:
I walk
She cries.
They have lived in Laos for many years.
2) Pronouns ທີ່ທຳໜ້າທີ່ເປັນຕົວກຳຂອງປະໂຫຍກຈະຕ້ອງແມ່ນໃນຮູບຂອງ objective case:
I give her a flower.
Please send a report to him.
A dog bite me.
3) Pronouns ທີ່ສະແດງອາການຄວາມເປັນເຈົ້າຂອງຈະຕ້ອງແມ່ນໃນຮູບ possessive case:
It is yours.
This book is mine.
Where is hers?
4) Possessive adjectives ຄຳຄຸນນາມທີ່ສະແດງອາການເປັນເຈົ້າຂອງຈະຕ້ອງໄປກັບຄຳນາມສະເໝີ:
My car, his book, her daughter...
2. Impersonal pronouns ຄຳແທນນາມທີ່ບໍ່ແມ່ນບຸຣຸດໂດຍທາງກົງ
How to use
One must be careful.
ນອກນີ້ it ກໍຍັງຖືວ່າເປັນ Impersonal pronouns:
It is warm today.
It is half past four.
3. Interrogative pronouns ແມ່ນຄຳທີ່ເປັນ ຄຳຖາມ:
subjective
|
objective
|
possessive
|
who
|
whom
|
whose
|
which
|
which
|
whose
|
what
|
what
|
-
|
How to use
1) ເປັນປະທານຂອງຄຳກິຣິຍາ (subject)
Who told her?
Which of these mobile is best?
2) ເປັນໂຕກຳຂອງຄຳກິຣິຍາ (object of verb)
What will you you give me for my birthday?
3) ເປັນໂຕກຳຂອງຄຳບຸຜາບົດ (object of preposition)
To whom did you give a flower?
4 ເປັນໂຕປະກອບຂອງໂຕກຳ (objective complement)
What did you tell her?
4. Relative pronouns ຄຳແທນນາມແບບສຳພັນ
subjective
|
objective
|
possessive
|
who
|
whom
|
whose
|
which
|
which
|
whose
|
that
|
that
|
-
|
How to use
a) Tommy, who officially retired last year, will visit our department next week.
(who ເປັນປະທານຂອງຄຳກິຣິຍາ retired, ເປັນ Adj clause ຂະຫຍາຍ Tommy)
b) Albert Einstein whom the world recognize as a genius was a high school dropout.
(whom ເປັນໂຕກຳຂອງຄຳກິຣິຍາ recognize ເຊິ່ງເປັນ Adj clause ຂະຫຍາຍ Albert Einstein)
c) He avoided working on the report that he was having trouble with.
(that ເປັນໂຕກຳຂອງຄຳບຸຜາບົດ with ເຊິ່ງເປັນ Adj clause ຂະຫຍາຍ report)
d) His father was the one whose advice he valued seriously.
(whose ເມື່ອໄປຂະຫຍາຍຄຳນາມໃນ relative clause ເອີ້ນວ່າ relative adj)
ການເລືອກໃຊ້ຄຳແທນນາມທີ່ເປັນບຸກຄົນ, ຄຳຖາມ ແລະຄຳແທນນາມແບບສຳພັນ (Relative pronouns) ໃຫ້ຖືກຕ້ອງບາງຄັ້ງພົບວ່າສັບສົນ. ສະນັ້ນ, ຈື່ຫລັກໄວ້ວ່າ:
1) ຖ້າຄຳແທນນາມທຳໜ້າທີ່ເປັນປະທານ ໃຫ້ໃຊ້ຮູບຂອງ subjective case
2) ຖ້າຄຳແທນນາມທຳໜ້າທີ່ເປັນໂຕກຳຂອງກິຣິຍາ ໃຫ້ໃຊ້ຮູບຂອງ objective case
3) ຖ້າຄຳແທນນາມທຳໜ້າທີ່ເປັນໂຕກຳຂອງຄຳບຸຜາບົດ ໃຫ້ໃຊ້ຮູບຂອງ objective case
singular
|
plural
|
this
|
these
|
that
|
those
|
How to use
this / these ຄຳແທນນາມຊີ້ສະເພາະ (ຄົນ, ສັດ, ສິ່ງຂອງ...ທີ່ຢູ່ໃກ້)
that / those ຄຳແທນນາມຊີ້ສະເພາະ (ຄົນ, ສັດ, ສິ່ງຂອງ...ທີ່ຢູ່ໄກ) ເຊັ່ນ:
That is a good reason.
Those are the best places you should visit in the future.
6. Indefinite pronouns ຄຳແທນນາມທີ່ບໍ່ໃຊ້ສະເພາະເຈາະຈົງ
ໝາຍເຖິງຄຳແທນນາມທີ່ບໍ່ໄດ້ບອກ ຫລືບໍ່ທັນຮູ້ວ່າບຸກຄົນ ຫລື ສັດ ມີຈຳນວນຫລືປະລິມານເທົ່າໃດ. ສະນັ້ນ ບັນຫາກໍຄືບໍ່ຮູ້ວ່າເປັນຈຳນວນໜ້ອຍ ຫລືຈຳນວນຫລາຍ ເຊິ່ງແບ່ງອອກເປັນ 4 ກຸ່ມຄື:
1) ກຸ່ມທີ່ລົງທ້າຍດ້ວຍ body, one ແລະ thing (ໃຊ້ຄືກັບນາມ ແຕ່ຖືວ່ານັບເປັນຈຳນວນໜ້ອຍ) ເຊັ່ນ:
any body everybody nobody somebody
anyone everyone no one someone
anything everything nothing something
2) ກຸ່ມທີ່ມັກຈະເປັນຈຳນວນໜ້ອຍສະເໝີເຊັ່ນ:
another each either much
neither one other
3) ກຸ່ມທີ່ມັກຈະເປັນຈຳນວນຫລາຍສະເໝີເຊັ່ນ:
both few many several
4) ກຸ່ມນີ້ຈຳນວນໜຶ່ງອາດຈະເປັນຈຳນວນໜ້ອຍ ແລະຈຳນວນໜຶ່ງອາດຈະເປັນຈຳນວນຫລາຍ ແລ້ວແຕ່ກໍລະນີເນື້ອເລື່ອງແລະຄວາມຕັ້ງໃຈຂອງຜູ້ໃຊ້ເຊັ່ນ:
all any more most
none some
How to use
1) Some of the pasta is eaten. (pasta ເປັນຈຳນວນໜ້ອຍ)
Some of the students are absent. (students ເປັນຈຳນວນຫລາຍ)
2) All of this story is fantastic. story ເປັນ ຈຳນວໜ້ອຍ
All of those stories are well written. stories ເປັນຈຳນວນຫລາຍ
3) None of the report is finished completedly. (report ເປັນຈຳນວນໜ້ອຍ)
None of assignments are ready. (assignments ເປັນຈຳນວນຫລາຍ)
7. Reflexive pronouns ຄຳແທນນາມສະທ້ອນກັບ
singular
|
plural
|
myself
|
ourselves
|
yourself
|
yourselves
|
himself
| |
herself
|
themselves
|
itself
| |
oneself
|
How to use
1) He does himself. (ກຳກົງ)
2) She bought herself a flower. (ເປັນກຳຮອງ)
3) I save this money for myself. (ເປັນໂຕກຳຂອງຄຳບຸຜາບົດ)
8. Reciprocal pronouns
ຄ້າຍຄືກັບຄຳແທນນາມສະທ້ອນກັບ, ຄຳແທນນາມ (Reciprocal pronouns) ຈະໃຊ້ເປັນປະທານຂອງປະໂຫຍກ ແຕ່ຄັ້ງນີ້ປະທານແມ່ນຈຳນວນຫລາຍ. ເບິ່ງຕົວຢ່າງ:
# each other ໝາຍເຖິງເປັນປະທານຂອງສອງຢ່າງ
The president and prime minister have known each other for a long time.
# one another ໝາຍເຖິງເປັນປະທານຂອງສາມ ຫລື ຫລາຍກວ່ານັ້ນ
The children like to tease one another.
ພ້ອມນີ້, ຍັງສາມາດເຮັດເປັນຮູບຂອງ ຄວາມເປັນເຈົ້າຂອງໄດ້
# each other's
# one another's
The president and prime minister have praised each other's policies.
Cr. Vectorstock
